VOLUME I
Section 1 ...... ............................................................................ ............................ General Anatomy Section 2 ................................................................................................................ Upper Limb

VOLUME II
Section 4 ............................... ... ....................................................................... ... Thorax
Section 5 ....................... .... ....................................................................... .... ...... Abdomen and Pelvis VOLUME III
Section 6 ................................................................................................................ Head and Neck
Section 7 ................................................................ .. ........................................... Neuroanatomy Section 8

1. Overview of Head and Neck............................................ ....................................................................... .... .......................................... 3 2. Bones and Joints of Head and Neck .................. ... ........................................................................ ... ...............................................10 3. Scalp and Face (Including Lacrimal Apparatus and Parotid Region)...................... ... .........................................................43 4. Temporal and Infratemporal Regions (Including Temporomandibular Joint)... . ..............................................................69 5. Submandibular Region and Tongue .................................................................... .. ... ..................................................................... 82 6. Cranial Cavity ............................ .... ...................................................................... ........................................................................... .... 100 7. Vertebral Canal................. .. . .................................................................... .. .. .................................................................... .. .. ..... 113 8. Muscles and Triangles of the Neck......................................................... ............................................................................ ............ 120 9. Oral and Nasal Regions ........................................................................................................................................................................ 147 10. Viscera of the Neck (Including Pharynx and Larynx). ... ...................................................................... ... ............................. 165 11. Orbit and Eye ................................................................... ..... .................................................................... ..... .................................. 184 12. Ear and the Organs of Hearing and Balance.. .. ......................................................................... .. . ............................................ 213 13. Endocrine Glands of Head and Neck, Carotid Sinus and Carotid Body ................ .. .. .................................................. 232 14. Blood Vessels of Head and Neck........ . . ..................................................................... . .. .......................................................... 245 15. Nerves of Head and Neck............... ... ....................................................................... .... ................................................................... 274 16. Cross-Sectional, Radiological and Surface Anatomy of Head and Neck ................................................................. . 316 Section 7 Neuroanatomy 17. Introduction to Central Nervous System............................ ............................................................................ ............................. 331 18. Spinal Cord—Gross Anatomy and Internal Structure.. ...................................................................... .. ............................... 337 19. Brainstem—Gross Anatomy and Internal Structure....................................................................... .... ..................................... 348 20. Tracts of the Spinal Cord and Brainstem.......... .. ........................................................................ . ............................................ 363 21. Cranial Nerves—Nuclei and Functional Aspects ........................................................... ... ...................................................... 378 22. Cerebellum—Gross Anatomy and Internal Structure.......................................... .. ... ........................................................... 393 23. Cerebrum, Thalamus and Hypothalamus—Gross Anatomy and Internal Structure ..................................................... 402 24. Ventricles of the Brain............. .... ....................................................................... .... ...................................................................... ... 428 25. Special Senses and Their Pathways........................................................ .. .. .................................................................... .. .. ..... 438 26. Blood Supply of the Central Nervous System.................................... ............................................................................ ............ 444 Section 8 Genetics 27. Introduction to Genetics ..................................................................................................................................................................... 457 28. Important Terms in Genetics.......................... ... ........................................................................ ... .................................................. 459 29. Chromosomes .............................................. ... ....................................................................... ... ......................................................... 461 30. DNA and RNA........................................... . ....................................................................... . ............................................................. 468

31. Mendelian Laws of Inheritance....... ... ....................................................................... ... .. ............................................................ 471
32. Alleles ................................................ .. .. ........................................................................ ... .................................................................... 474 33. Genotype and Phenotype..... ... ....................................................................... ........................................................................... ... 477 34. Codominance (Features, Significance and Clinical Implications) . . ...................................................................... .. . ....... 481 35. Incomplete Dominance and Overdominance............................ .... ....................................................................... ... .............. 484
36. Lethal Alleles............................................................................................................................................................................................ 487 37. Sex Determination by Chromosomes............................ ... ....................................................................... ... ............................... 490 38. Twinning—Monozygotic and Dizygotic Twins ... ... ...................................................................... .... ..................................... 494
39. Inheritance of Genetic Disorders...................................................................................................................................................... 499
40. Mutation and Recombinance .................... .. . ....................................................................... .. . ..................................................... 502

Preface
Castles of all medical wisdom are anchored to the knowledge of anatomy. Both the learning and the teaching of anatomy have undergone masterly changes. Though the limits of human anatomy appear to be confined to the boundaries of the human body, newer frontiers have constantly appeared due to two primary factors—one, expanding basic medical and clinical research and two, larger understanding of hitherto unexplained areas.
The preparation of a textbook on Anatomy should have the scope to adequately accommodate the growing changes. At the same time, it also cannot become disproportionately large, considering the time span within which an average undergraduate medical student would have to acquire this knowledge.
This edition of Inderbir Singh’s Textbook of Anatomy has been prepared keeping the twin factors of the restructuring of medical curriculum and the knowledge expansion in mind. Many of the chapters have been completely revised and rewritten. Clinical Correlation has been clearly laid out. Embryological and Histological details have been added so as to give the reader a comprehensive picture. Newer features like Multiple Choice Questions and Clinical Problem solving have been appended to each chapter in order to provide the reader with the opportunity of self-assessment.
A student entering the medical curriculum is faced with a completely new atmosphere. In an attempt to familiarize the student not only with Anatomy but also with the nuances of the medical world, new sections on General Anatomy and Genetics have been added. Professor Inderbir Singh’s eye for details and meticulous writing style have always been popular amongst generations of medical students. Though many areas of the book have been revisited, the basic spirit and nature of the book have been retained. Additional features like Added Information and Clinical Correlation in any chapter will be of much help not only to the undergraduate students but also to the postgraduates.
At this juncture, I would like to place on record my appreciation and gratitude to Dr Hannah Sugirthabai Rajila Rajendran, Professor Department of Anatomy, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute, Kanchipuram District, Tamil Nadu, India; Dr M Nirmaladevi, Associate Professor, PSGIMS & R, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India and Dr J Sreevidya, Assistant Professor-cum-Civil Surgeon, Madras Medical College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India for their painstaking editorial assistance. I would like to thank Dr Indumathi. S, Professor and HOD, Department of Anatomy, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute, Dr T Anitha, Dr Elamathi Bose and Dr Bhuvaneswari, Assistant Professors of Anatomy, Madras Medical College, Chennai for their help during the preparation and review of the manuscripts and formulation of chapters.
I would be failing in my duty if I do not acknowledge the contributions of Dr Lakshmi, Dr Kanagavalli, Dr Arrchana, Assistant Professors, Department of Anatomy, Madras Medical College, Chennai and Dr Dharani, Assistant Professor, Villupuram Government Medical College, Villupuram, Tamil Nadu, India towards the completion of this edition. Shri RAC Mathews, Shri Ranganathan and Shri Sashikumar were instrumental in providing the necessary assistance, and Shri E Senthilkumar provided some of the illustrations for the book and I would like to extend my thanks to each of them.
Special thanks to Shri Jitendar P Vij (Group Chairman) and Mr Ankit Vij (Group President), Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd., without whom this edition would not have seen the light of the day. I am extremely thankful to them for reposing their confidence in me and providing the opportunity to revise Inderbir Singh’s Textbook of Anatomy Dr Sakshi Arora (Director, Content and Strategy) has been the driving force behind all efforts and deserves a very special thanks. She has provided insights and innovative ideas which have gone a long way in consolidating this book to best meet the needs of the taught and the teacher alike. We are thankful to her entire Development and Content Strategy team consisting of Ms Nitasha Arora (Project Manager), Mr Bunty Kashyap, Mr Phool Kumar, Mr Puneet Kumar Das, Mr Vikas Kumar, Mr Prabhat Ranjan, Mr Neeraj Choudhary, Mr Sanjeev Kumar and Mr Sandeep Kumar (Designers and Operators), and Ms Ankita Singh, Ms Sonal Jain, Ms Neelam Kakariya, Mr Prashant Soni (Editorial) for their constant technical support throughout the project.
This book is the combined effort of a number of people who have contributed in myriad ways and it may not be humanly possible to list down the many; however, I take this opportunity to extend my thanks to all of them.
Sudha Seshayyan